Green Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymers for Environmental Remediation and Wastewater Purification

Abstract

The rapid escalation of water pollution due to industrialization, agricultural runoff, and urban waste discharge has intensified the need for sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment technologies. Conventional treatment methods often rely on synthetic, non-biodegradable materials that contribute to secondary pollution and environmental degradation. In this context, biodegradable polymers synthesized through green chemistry approaches have emerged as promising alternatives for environmental remediation. This paper presents a comprehensive analytical review of recent advancements in the green synthesis of biodegradable polymers and their applications in wastewater purification. The study critically evaluates natural and bio-based polymers such as chitosan, alginate, cellulose derivatives, and polylactic acid (PLA), emphasizing environmentally friendly synthesis routes including enzymatic polymerization, solvent-free processing, and bio-catalysis. Furthermore, hybrid materials incorporating nanostructures and functional groups for enhanced adsorption, flocculation, and catalytic degradation are examined. A novel methodology is proposed involving the synthesis of a bio-nanocomposite polymer using agricultural waste-derived cellulose integrated with metal oxide nanoparticles for improved pollutant removal efficiency. Mathematical modeling and algorithmic approaches are incorporated to optimize adsorption kinetics and process efficiency. The results demonstrate improved removal efficiencies (>90%) for heavy metals and organic pollutants compared to traditional materials. Comparative analysis highlights reduced toxicity, enhanced biodegradability, and cost-effectiveness. This research contributes to the development of sustainable wastewater treatment systems and provides a pathway toward circular economy practices by utilizing agricultural waste for polymer synthesis.