Spiders at the Nexus of Ecology and Culture: Integrating Indian Traditional Knowledge with Modern Sustainability Science

Abstract

Abstract— Spiders are among the most diverse groups of arthropods and play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance through predation and trophic regulation. In the Indian context, they occupy a unique position not only within ecosystems but also in traditional knowledge, mythology, and philosophical thought. For centuries, spider webs have symbolized creativity, patience, and the delicate balance of life, reflecting a deep cultural understanding of nature. Modern scientific research further highlights the ecological importance of spiders as natural pest controllers, bioindicators of environmental health, and key contributors to ecosystem stability across diverse landscapes, including forests, agricultural systems, grasslands, and mountainous regions. Despite these critical roles, spiders remain underrepresented in conservation discourse. This study integrates contemporary ecological knowledge with insights from Indian wisdom traditions to develop a holistic perspective on sustainability. It examines the functional roles of spiders in ecological processes alongside their symbolic and philosophical significance in cultural narratives and indigenous practices. By bridging traditional ecological knowledge with modern science, the review proposes an integrative framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable ecosystem management. Such an approach not only strengthens ecological understanding but also reconnects modern society with culturally embedded environmental wisdom. In the context of ongoing environmental change, recognizing and integrating these perspectives is essential for appreciating the ecological significance of spiders and promoting long-term sustainability.